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Y-chromosome validates Bible

Answers to Questions, Bible/Science, Biology, DNA, Migration

 

Foreword

Those who believe the Bible accept it by faith; however, there are many accounts in the Bible that are testable scientifically. One of these accounts is that of Noah having three sons, and these three sons repopulated the entire earth after the flood. This paper provides scientific evidence that all men alive today came from one of three ancient ancestors. Our findings are based on Y-chromosome analysis. The analysis is simple, straightforward, and repeatable; anyone can understand it and repeat it. The data is fully documented herein and generated from mainstream scientific community sources (Reference 1 is the browser and Reference 2 contains the sequences used).

The Bible made the following proclamation thousands of years ago, and now we have the genetic tools to test its validity:

Genesis 9:19  These are the three sons of Noah: and of them was the whole earth overspread.

Genesis 10:32  These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations, in their nations: and by these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood. 

Background

We know that the Y-chromosome is passed from father to son, and, in general, each generation passes on a few genetic variants to the next generation. These variants provide genetic markers which are highly valuable for tracking ancestry. Geneticists sort people into groups called haplogroups because they contain like genetic markers. The haplogroups form a family tree for all humanity and allow us to trace ancestry back to our most ancient ancestors.

Former Work

We, at Genesis and Genetics, made a preliminary evaluation of Y-chromosome DNA genetic markers and discovered that all human men on earth came from one of three ancient ancestors (Reference 3). We found that any human man could trace his genetic markers back to one and only one of three ancient ancestors. Any man with a marker ‘A’ at rs9786139 is from one ancient ancestor, a marker ‘A’ at rs17306671 is from another ancient ancestor, and a marker ‘G’ at rs3900 is from the third ancient ancestor. It was easy to associate these three most ancient ancestors with Ham, Shem, and Japheth by looking at Biblical history of migration and nations. Ham had the ‘A’ at rs9786139, Shem had the ‘A’ at rs17306671, and Japheth had the ‘G’ at rs3900.

This former research was based on a study of 57 modern human men. All the men had one, and only one of the three markers stated above.

Note: We use the terms “mutations,” “variants,” and “markers” interchangeably.

Confirmation

Since our original study, we have looked at many more sequences, a total of 1233 Y-chromosome genomes, and found they all conformed to our original findings.  Reference 4  documents the 1233 human genomes and which ones are from each of Noah’s three sons. All 1233 humans had one and only one of the three markers. There were no exceptions. This paper confirms our original findings and compares our Biblical ancestral family tree to that of mainline science.

Comparison to Mainline Science

In general, our analysis agreed with mainstream science concerning haplogroups. Therefore, our family tree uses the same haplogroups as our friends in mainstream science. But they are rooted differently. Here is the secular science tree followed by our family tree. There are several versions of the secular trees (called phylogenetic trees), but we, generally, used the one generated by the International Society of Genetic Genealogy, ISOGG (Reference 5).

 

 

As one can see, the two trees are similar, but the root and flow of genetic markers are different. The secular tree is rooted in haplogroup A, and the Biblical tree is rooted in Noah dividing into three separate haplogroups; one from Ham; one from Shem; and one from Japheth. We do not present Noah’s DNA, but it is simply his three sons’ DNA less their genetic markers.

Finding the Tree Root

Armed with these 1233 diverse genomes, we began our search by noticing that a few mutations/genetic markers, were common in the population;  some were up to 52 percent of the population. It is quite logical to assume that the higher the mutation’s frequency, the better chance that it is at or near the root of our family tree.

For example, if a mutation is in 1/2 of the population, it probably originated when the population was approximately 2 men. If a mutation is in 1/10th of the male population, it probably originated when the male population was approximately 10. And if a mutation is in1/1,000,000), it probably originated when the world population was 1,000,000.

So, we decided that any mutation with a frequency of more than 5 percent could be one of Noah’s three sons. This assumption would allow for some genetic drift and the inability for our 1233 subjects to exactly match the whole world population distribution.

All Men came from three ancient ancestors

Next, we took each of the mutations with frequencies higher than 5 percent and used them to form genetic groups, i.e., haplogroups. Quickly, we realized that every mutation belonged to one and only one of three ancient ancestors.

It appeared that we found Shem, Ham, and Japheth. There was a Shem haplogroup, a Ham haplogroup, and a Japheth haplogroup. All 1233 genomes fit into one and only one of the three. There were no exceptions. The three root mutations had frequencies of 10%, 38%, and 52%. And, as expected, they added up to 100% of the population. Furthermore, Shem, Ham, and Japheth were associated with the three ancient ancestor mutations easily by looking at the geographical locations of each group and comparing them to Bible history. Ham went south and east; Japheth went north and east, and Shem populated the Near East and Europe.

Noah’s Y-chromosome is impossible to find directly. The reason is that he is the origin of all male humanity and he had, by definition, no genetic markers. Therefore, the way to find Noah’s Y-genome is by determining the genomes of his sons and deleting all their mutations.

The true root of humanity was Adam. Adam’s DNA went through the bottleneck of Noah. So we all came from Adam, and we all came from Noah. Adam is the root of all humanity, and Noah is the root of post-flood humanity.

Genetic Mutations/Markers Flow in One Direction

Just as water flows downstream, so do genetic markers. Genetic markers flow from most ancient ancestors to modern ancestors. For instance, your great-grandfather passed markers to your grandfather who passed additional markers to your father. Your father passed his additional markers to you. And if you are a man, you too will pass new markers to your sons. Lineage flows downstream. More and more new markers appear in offspring as the generations pass. However, the original markers of your ancestors remain in your genome. A key point here is that as the markers flow away from the root, the new markers divide the offspring into sub-haplogroups. This dividing into sub-haplogroups shows the direction of the genetic marker flow.  Distant branches have only the markers close to the root but are missing many of the markers in their cousins, second cousins, etc.

Therefore, as expected, the data shows that markers flow from Noah’s three sons to their sub-haplogroups. Consider just haplogroup K. Everyone from haplogroup K has the rs3900 G marker. Likewise, the sub-haplogroups have additional markers that show they are later generations forming smaller haplogroups such as M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, and T. T must come from K, but K cannot come from T.

Since genetic mutations/markers flow downstream, it is not possible that the root of the Y-chromosome family tree is rooted in a marker with a small frequency. In order for that to happen, it would take many bottlenecks, overwrites, drift, and other genetic contortions.

Full Population Representation

The three adjacent haplogroups, IJ, IJK, and K contain 100 percent (Ham 38%, Shem 10%, and Japheth 52%) of the 1233 genomes analyzed. In other words, they are the source of all modern humans. Take any other combination of the other haplogroups and mix and match them; they do not represent all humanity; they do not add up to 100 percent. The only way you get one hundred percent is to use IJ, IJK, and K.

Biblical and Secular History

The haplogroups IJ, IJK, and K comprise people from Mid-East, West Asia, and Near East. According to the Biblical narrative, all humanity came from the Armenian mountains which are in West Asia and close to the Near East and the Mid-East. In short, these haplogroups locations fit nicely into Biblical history.

The historical age began in Mesopotamia, shortly after the flood. These earliest writings document a worldwide flood and the world populated by flood survivors. Nowhere do these legends and writings record mankind originating from other parts of the world.

Summary

The Y-chromosome DNA is the perfect vehicle for scientifically testing the portion of the Bible that says all modern human men were born of three ancient men. The Y-chromosome data of 1233 genomes corroborates the Biblical account. We now have a Biblical family tree and can trace our ancestry to the Biblical sons of Noah.

Future Work

We are in the process of identifying the DNA of Noah’s 16 grandsons in the family tree.

 

References:

  1. http://useast.ensembl.org/info/about/publications.html
  2. https://www.genome.gov/27528684/1000-genomes-project
  3. https://www.genesisandgenetics.org/2021/04/16/y-chromosome-migration-and-the-biblical-phylogenetic-tree-or-finding-ham-shem-and-japheth-via-y-chromosome/
  4. https://www.genesisandgenetics.org/Ancient.xlsx
  5. https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Y0GXjhazYa46u0EpPA9b0Y0RVWuh5lDzww_o979mbjQ/edit#gid=1904113265
  6. https://useast.ensembl.org/index.html

 

 

Big Bang and the Bible

Answers to Questions, Bible/Science

Recent discoveries in cosmology have resulted in the ‘big bang’ theory. Some pieces of the theory are clear, and some pieces are problematic. The clear pieces are in tune with the Bible, and the rest are not. Here is what is clear and in tune with the Bible. (1) The universe had a beginning, (2) The universe is expanding, (3) The expansion of the universe is accelerating,   and (4) The universe is magnificent and huge (at least as big as the event horizon). These four points have reached consensus in both Biblical and modern science circles.

Big Bang – Background

One could say that the Bible is the origin of the big bang concept. The Bible documents that our universe had a beginning and that God created it and stretched it out. (Genesis 1:1, Isaiah 45:12, et al.) Then in 1929, Edwin Hubble proved that the universe is, indeed, expanding. His discovery solved one mystery of cosmology. Cosmologists did not know if the universe was expanding, contracting, or static. Cosmology was doing well, and the term “big bang theory” arose in the late 1940s. There were several unanswered questions, but they were making progress. One question continued to plague them: From where did the energy, laws of physics, and cosmological constants come?

Big Bang confusion

Then in 1998, two cosmology research projects discovered that the universe was expanding at an accelerated rate. This discovery changed cosmology forever. The acceleration of the expanding universe meant that there had to be some large force driving the expansion or some large mass outside the universe giving everything a gravitational force outward. Scientists coined the terms ‘dark force’ and ‘dark energy’ to explain the accelerated expansion, but no one knows anything about dark energy and matter. They know that something is causing the universe to expand at an accelerated rate. This expansion was an inconvenient surprise.

Modern Cosmology

Here is a summary of some of the primary ‘big bang theory’ problems facing modern cosmology:

Everything from Nothing

From where did all the energy come to fuel the big bang? How did everything come from nothing? Having everything come from nothing defies all scientific laws and common sense. Many proposed solutions to this problem require adopting the concept of the universe being a temporal happening in an eternal system. It is the only possibility and confirms one more portion of the Biblical creation.

Space Creation

The big bang is an expansion of a singularity. Singularities, by definition, dwell in infinitely small spaces, so from where did all the space come? Quantum physics has shown us space is very complicated. So, did it evolve instantaneously?

Creation of time

Time doesn’t exist in singularities. So, what created the concept of time, and what started it going?

Basic Building Blocks of the Universe

How did all the quarks, leptons, and bosons evolve and self-assemble within a billionth of a second? These basic building blocks of the universe each have precise mass, charge, spin, and color, all of which are fine-tuned to perform their function in making the universe useful and beautiful. They also have a dual personality, primarily a wave but can also exist as particles. They are complex to the extreme. Scientists cannot understand how they work, much less create one. So, how could they evolve by chance uniformly and intricately in a billionth of a second without intelligence?

Physical Laws and Constants

How did the fundamental physical constants and laws of physics miraculously evolve in a trillionth of a second? They are perfectly in tune with one another, allowing our universe and us to exist.

Dark Stuff

Dark matter and dark energy were conceived when the redshift verified that the universe was expanding and accelerating its expansion. The problem is that no one understands anything about them. Scientists are not even sure they exist. All that is known is that the universe is expanding at an accelerated rate. If dark matter and energy exist, they make up 95 percent of the universe. Wow!

Orderly

Another competing issue for the greatest mystery of cosmology concerns entropy, the measure of order. The question is, how did the big bang start with such high order? From where did the order come? One would think that the big bang started with disorder, but it didn’t.

Vacuum Energy

Then we have the puzzling cosmological constant, which measures how much energy there is in a vacuum. This constant is in fierce debate. The cosmologists have their number, and quantum physicists have their number. Who is right? They are very different numbers. These two values differ by 10 to the 120th. In other words, they are off by 10 with 120 zeros behind the 10. This difference is embarrassing, but it shows a tremendous lack of understanding of space. Please note that those in quantum physics have an outstanding record of being right, and their number may be correct.

Dimensions of Space

There is also debate on the number of dimensions defining space. Some say three, some say 10, some 26, and some say many. No one knows.

Spatial Inflation – Fudge Factor

Many of those who accept the present big bang model embrace spatial inflation. Spatial inflation is the sudden stretching out of space to justify happenings faster than the speed of light. Some physicists do not accept spatial inflation and call it a fudge factor. A fudge factor is what scientists invent to make things fit the theory. S Most physicists contend that the speed of light is the speed limit in the universe. But we know things travel faster than the speed of light, so the spatial inflation notion solves this problem; space inflates rapidly, stretching out space and the light within it. But the problem is, what turns spatial inflation on and off? What orchestrates it? Cosmologists use spatial inflation to make their timeline work. The observed universe is 92 billion light-years in diameter, but they say it happened 14 billion years ago. Something is wrong.

Matter/Antimatter

Then another big problem in cosmology is the lack of antimatter. According to findings in the colliders, you cannot produce matter without antimatter. So, the question becomes: what happened to the antimatter during the big bang? When matter and antimatter coexist, they annihilate one another. Scientists admit that unless something separated the matter from the antimatter, the universe could not exist.

Gravity

One more significant problem is gravity. Why is there gravity, and from where does it come? Is it a particle, or is it curved space?

Biblical cosmology

As said before, the Bible agrees with (1) the universe had a beginning, (2) the universe is expanding, or as the Bible says, the heavens are being stretched, and (3) the universe is expanding at an accelerated rate, and (4) the universe is enormous and magnificent. The big difference between the Bible and cosmology is time. Cosmologists say the universe is 13.8 billion years old, and the Bible says it is approximately 6000 years old. This time difference is considerable. Time dilatation or spatial inflation may explain the difference.

The Bible says that a Divine Creator spoke all things into existence. The Biblical narrative is consistent with modern quantum physics, which proclaims the basic building blocks of the universe are, in fact, waves, quantum waves. It appears that in the beginning, everything was ‘null and void,’ and the first thing created was light. At the end of the first day, God called it a day; therefore, it appears that God created time in the beginning. The Bible clearly states in Genesis chapter 1 that God created all things in six days. The Bible does not treat the creation as miracles; it simply records the creator’s handiwork.

Miracles

Presently, miracles dominate the big bang theory. Cosmologists theorize that everything miraculously came from nothing. A singularity with miraculous entropy miraculously evolved into our laws of physics, cosmological constants, time, space, and quantum particles in less than one billionth of a second. Then, miraculously, multi-dimensioned space was put in place, and some miraculous force stretched out the universe, miraculously separating matter from antimatter. Miraculously, in less than one trillionth of a second, spatial inflation appeared and was miraculously orchestrated so everything would unfold and not be limited to the speed of light.

The current modern cosmology depends on more miracles than science. They understand very little, including how time and space work, but they are sure that space was created in a time of 13.8 billion years. The present writer is confident that the 13.8 billion years will change drastically to match the Biblical time.

Summary

Modern cosmology is converging with the Bible because of better telescopes. The “big bang” and the “big creation” models are closer than ever. The Bible is the fundamental book of science, and its proclamations are testable. The present writer has concluded that when modern science solves the problems stated above, the Bible will stand as the Bible of cosmology.

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Intelligence: It’s everywhere; it’s everywhere

Uncategorized

Modern science proclaims that the universe came from nothing. Then time, physical laws, cosmological constants, quantum waves, atoms, and life appeared accidentally without intelligence or purpose.

On the other hand, the Bible proclaims that everything came from divine intelligence and that God spoke all things into existence. If indeed, all things were spoken into existence, it follows that all things have the inherent intelligence of God. So, let’s consider some components of the universe, looking for inherent intelligence:

Birds

Birds know how to build nests, avoid danger, how to fly, and how to sing. This intelligence is built-in. It is not learned because we know that birds have this intelligence even when their eggs are incubated.

Trees

Trees are interesting, they have no brains, no legs, no arms, but they survive and flourish nicely. They know how to get sap to their top leaves in the spring and when to have the sap go underground in the winter. The trees know how to self-assemble from a seed to a majestic tree automatically. They know where to put out leaves, where to grow bark, how to reproduce after their kind, and how to turn inorganic material into organic material. The intelligence is built-in.

Butterflies

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Butterflies never cease to amaze the scientific community. They self-assemble twice, once from egg to worm, then they dissolve their protein and self-assemble again to form a winged butterfly. The Monarch Butterfly migrates from Mexico to Canada and returns to a small area of Mexico. The journey takes 3 to 4 generations of butterflies, yet they know how to get back to that small area in Mexico. Their intelligence amazes us all.

 

Bacteria

Bacteria have no brains; they are generally single-celled creatures. However, they have built-in intelligence. They know how to cut and paste DNA, how to recognize enemies, how to kill enemies, how to change their DNA to suit their needs, and how to store information. No brains, yet great intelligence.

Viruses

Viruses have no brains, yet they are not only intelligent but crafty as well. They have no reproductive systems, yet they know how to get others to reproduce for them. Viruses enter host cells by trickery and then inject their RNA so that the host cell will use its reproductive machinery to build virus parts. These virus parts automatically self-assemble into clones of the original viruses. Wow, that is intelligence.

Quantum Particles and Atoms

Quantum particles have a dual personality; they can be either a wave or a particle. They have no brains yet play hide and seek with researchers. The quantum waves/particles never lose. It has also been shown that since atoms are made from quantum particles, atoms also have dual personalities. Quantum waves/particles also share information because they have properties of “entanglement.” This entanglement is not limited to just two particles, it also can affect groups of particles. The present writer has concluded that the entire universe is entangled. The collective entanglement makes everything work.

Rocks

How can rocks have intelligence? That is simple; rocks are made from atoms which are made from quantum particles. You may have heard the expression “written in stone.” Now we know that rocks and stones can store data, not just by carving words in them but they can also store much data like a quantum computer. Jesus understood rocks and said that rocks had the ability to call out and praise Him, their creator.

Humans

Humans have brains in two places: (1) in the head and (2) in the torso. So, humans obviously have intelligence. However, humans also have intelligence that is not obvious. During a research project at the Texas Heart Institute, researchers emptied a defective human heart of everything but the exterior structure. Then they filled the structure with stem cells. To their amazement, the stem cells became the missing structures and appeared to reconstruct the human heart. When the heart was filled with fluid, it began to beat!

The human stem cells appeared to know what to become depending on their position in the heart. Also, the human rib, when removed, will automatically rebuild itself. The heart and the rib know how to rebuild themselves. This should not surprise us since we know that a single cell called the human fertilized egg, has the intrinsic intelligence to automatically construct a fully viable human in 9 months. A mature human has more than 40 trillion cells, each automatically assembled working in unison with the other 40 trillion cells to produce a human body.

Summary

Intelligence is everywhere. It is built into everything. Scientists are constantly amazed at nature, but can’t consider inherent divine intelligence for reasons of money, grants, acceptance, and peer pressure. That’s a shame. The more science progresses, the more that we see intelligence everywhere in everything.

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The First Law of Cosmology and the Bible

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One mystery solved

Until the 1920s, cosmologists wondered if the universe was collapsing, expanding, or static. Then came the answer, it was expanding. The mystery was solved. It became clear that the universe had a beginning and a single point of origin. This finding resulted in a theory called the “big bang.” The “big bang” theory gained traction but added questions that could not be explained. The biggest mystery was: from where did all the energy and mass come?

More confusion than answers

Then, in 1998, cosmologists found that not only was the universe expanding, but it was doing so at an accelerated rate. This discovery forever changed cosmology. The terms dark energy and dark mass were coined in an attempt to explain accelerated expansion. Remarkably, cosmologists estimate that 95 percent of our universe is either dark energy or dark matter. Cosmologists don’t know what the “dark stuff” is, how it works, where it came from, or even if it exists. Modern cosmology is confused.

The first law of cosmology

Because of the confusion, there are no laws of cosmology that have gained consensus. Therefore, we propose the following law of cosmology, the first law of cosmology:

Our Universe is a temporal

happening in an eternal system

Cosmology is the scientific study of the origin and development of the universe. This proposed law encapsulates all scientific evidence and common sense concerning the universe’s origin and resulting development.

Chasing eternity

After having dealt with the big bang problems, many scientists are proposing origin models which consider infinite universes, bubbles in nothingness, previous big bangs, etc. All these mechanisms, when traced back and back and back, end with the concept of eternal. We know our universe exists, and if we continue to chase its origin back and back and back, we have no choice other than to accept an eternal system.

Benefits of the first law of cosmology

Our proposed law of cosmology allows scientists to put aside questions that are impossible to answer. For instance, (1) how to get something from nothing and (2) why is there anything at all. Attempting to answer these questions without eternal concepts may be fun but does not advance science. There are so many pertinent questions to examine that can benefit society such as (1) How much energy is in a quantum vacuum? (2) What is the mechanism for gravity, (3) How to connect cosmology with quantum mechanics, and (4) How to examine dark matter and energy?

Philosophical comment:

When the big bang hypothesis was being introduced, there were those saying it would give credibility to the Bible. And it is true it does give credibility to the Bible. And it is true that our proposed law gives additional trustworthiness to the Bible. But why would anyone not want to credit the Bible when credit is due? The Bible has a great record of accuracy in all the sciences. Since the Bible has such a good record of being the fundamental book of science, why not use it? Galileo did. Newton did. Faraday did. Max Planck did. Gauss did. Euler did. Linnæus did, and many, many others did. The Bible did not hamper their great scientists and mathematicians. It inspired them.

Biblical Cosmology

The Bible has always stated that our earth and universe are temporal creations in an eternal system. This notion is now being reluctantly accepted by many scientists. However, those scientists that are atheistic ask the question: Who created the Creator? Good question. From where did God come? The world has a history of many gods, Sumerian gods, Greek gods, Roman gods, Hindu gods, etc. Humans created all these gods. The present writer comfortably states that all human-created gods are false gods, created by our imaginations and needs. They only exist in our minds. However, there is one God, the God of the Bible, who clearly states He had no beginning and no end, and that He is eternal. What a proclamation! To be a true God, one must be eternal, omniscient, and omnipotent. Otherwise, there necessarily is someone higher, older, or smarter.

The concept of eternal is very difficult to grasp. We, humans, see birds die, trees wither, our ancestors pass away, and fire burns living things into ashes. Babies are born, mighty oaks sprout from seed, and wildflowers bloom in the spring. We are immersed in beginnings and ends. It is difficult for us to comprehend things without a beginning or end.

Here is the logic to understand things eternal. Let’s start with our Creator God of the Bible; from where did He come? Did He come from an older god? If so, from where did the older god come? An older god? He had to come from somewhere. And the older, older god, from where did he come? If you follow this logic, you chase gods until you find eternity and a single God. Since the Bible is the only credible book that discusses eternal matters, why not consider it? There are no other possibilities; all the evidence points to an eternal system.

Summary

It is time for modern cosmologists to acknowledge that we live in a temporal universe in an eternal system. We propose this as the first law of cosmology; reflects all scientific evidence and common sense. It is also in tune with the Bible.

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The Voice of God is the Building Block of the Universe

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Background

Representation of an atom in wave form

Since the beginning of time, humans have sought to find the most basic building blocks of our natural existence. And now they have found them. They are called quantum waves. So, are we just a collection of waves? Yes, we are. But these waves are remarkable. They have a dual personality in that they can convert to particles when they choose. So, when do they choose? Apparently, it is when someone is looking at them. Two major themes of quantum physics are called “particle duality” and the “collapse of the waveform.” These two themes are precisely in tune with the Bible that the voice of God created everything. The figure above is a graphic representation of an atom in the form of a quantum wave.

Duality and Collapse of the Waveform

Interestingly, there is no debate in quantum physics concerning the existence of “particle duality” and “collapse of the waveform.” The debates center on How? And why? In addition, the biggest question is how does the waveform know when someone is looking? Anyone who can answer any of these questions will surely win a Nobel Prize.

A Bit of Mathematics

One can model a human voice mathematically by the expression e^kt where e is 2.718 (base of the natural logarithm), k is an imaginary number, and t is time. Amazingly, we now know that the function e^kt can describe everything in the universe since everything is a wave. Thousands of years ago the Bible proclaimed that God spoke the creation into existence.

Science Converging with the Bible

Finding quantum waves/particles has again shown the Bible as the basal book of science. The Bible says that God’s Word created all things. This proclamation is in tune with modern quantum science. Here are three scientific findings that are in tune with the Biblical narrative concerning how God created all things:

(1.) Einstein’s famous equation states that energy (E) is equal to mass (m) times the speed of light (c) squared. His equation shows that energy can be converted to mass, or mass can be converted to energy. And this is what the Bible says: God converted his voice (energy) into mass (the creation).

(2.) Quantum physics tells us that quantum waves create everything we see. God’s voice produced waves that have the ability to become quantum particles. These waves continue to vibrate forever. A guitar string, when plucked, quits making a sound after a few seconds because of friction in the air, and the guitar frets. The quantum waves never die out because they are too small to be affected by friction. One might say they are eternal. Therefore, God’s Word and voice are the same.

(3.) The quantum waves collapse when looked at and become particles. These particles are called quarks, leptons, and bosons. There are 17 of them identified so far. They all have dual personalities and work in unison to produce us and our universe. All atoms are made from quarks, leptons, and bosons.

Waveform Collapse – Example

Here is an example of a waveform collapse. Consider a light wave. It is invisible. However, when it enters your eye and hits your retina, it collapses, and your eye detects the particle: the photon. If it didn’t collapse into a photon, life could not exist. First, we would all be blind, and second, photosynthesis could not occur.

Do it yourself – Collapse of the Waveform

Here is a way you can prove the waveform collapses into particles. Look at the stars or the moon with a friend. You can see their light. Then look at your friend’s eyes and notice that you cannot see anything entering their eyes, but it does enter the eye and transforms itself into a photon, a particle. This simple experiment shows that we cannot see light waves, but we can see photons.

Particles or Waves

The quantum wave/particles are understandably bizarre. Nonetheless, scientists have a unanimous consensus that quantum particles have two forms: waves and particles. Many experiments have proved this duality, but the double-slit experiment is the most famous. It has been repeated many times and always gives the same results. The basic idea is to take quantum particles and fire them at a screen. The result is a scattering of points. Then you fire them through a narrow slit and notice they form discreet points in the shape of the slit. Next, we fire the particles through two slits with a gap in-between. This time the result is a wave pattern. So, are the quantum particles waves or particles, or both? They are both. This chickadee in the above photo is a product of quantum waves that expressed themselves as particles.

Hide and Seek

The double-slit experiment began a long hide-and-seek game, scientists vs. supposedly brainless quantum waves/particles. When they found that a single particle could go through both slits at the same time, they wondered how something could be in two places at once. Consequently, they put detectors behind each of the slits. When they did so, they found that only particles came through only one slit. They were confused. So, someone suggested let’s unplug the detectors, and voila, they got the wave pattern. I suspect that every quantum physics department in the world has repeated this experiment. The results are always the same. They concluded that when you look at the waves, they become particles. As a result, an obvious question beckons an answer: How can the wave particles do what they do without intelligence. It takes intelligence to play hide-and-seek. Therefore, it appears that the quantum waves respond to consciousness. The double-slit experiment may be one of the biggest mysteries in science, but not so in the Biblical exegesis.

The Voice of God – Eternal

Generally, we consider someone’s voice as something temporary, but their word can be more permanent. For example, what someone says dies out, but it may be recorded on a disk, written on paper, or committed to memory. What is written or recorded becomes somewhat permanent. It is different from the Voice and Word of God. God’s voice and His word are the same. They are both eternal. They never die.

John 1:1  In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 

John 1:2  The same was in the beginning with God. 

John 1:3  All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made. 

and

Matthew 24:35  Heaven and earth shall pass away, but my words shall not pass away. (These words are in red since they are the words of Jesus.)

So, we should all agree that the Bible and quantum physics are in tune with one another.

The Voice of God is Powerful -Quantum Vacuum

Consider a cubic inch of space anywhere in the universe. Extract any gas or mass from it, and this is what is called a quantum vacuum. It would appear that this cubic inch of vacuum has nothing in it. but that is a wrong assumption. This quantum vacuum has 17 wave fields in it.  These quantum wave fields have energy. Scientists knew that the vacuum contained energy, but they didn’t know how much. Cosmologists estimated its value. But, when the quantum physicists came along, they calculated that it had more energy than what was projected by the cosmologists; it was 10 to the 120 power more than that. So, the debate rages, and they differ by 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 plus another 60 zeros. The quantum physicists have an excellent record, so they may be correct. If interested in exploring this quantum vacuum energy, search on the “cosmological constant problem.”

Additional bits and pieces

Quantum waves/particles contain inherent intelligence, divine intelligence. These waves explain why Jesus, the Word, is omnipresent in our universe and why everything in our universe is filled with intelligence, i.e., omniscient. We know that viruses, bacteria, seeds, trees, animals, and humans are intelligent. Now we know why.

One of the quantum particle groups is called bosons. The bosons called gluons hold the positive charged protons together in the atom’s nucleus. Bosons also hold the electrons in place. The following scripture shows that the Word of God is manifest in the wave/particles called bosons.

Colossians 1:17  And he is before all things, and in him, all things hold together.

Conclusion

The Bible is right, everything in the universe is a wave, the voice of God.

Scripture for ponderance:

John 1:14  And the Word was made flesh …

 

Additional Reading:

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The First Law of Biology: automatic self-assembly

Bible/Science, Biology, DNA

Amazingly, there are no laws of Biology that have gained consensus. Therefore, here is our proposed first law of biology that should be acceptable to all:

All biological growth is due to automatic self-assembly

Consider biological growth; it is accomplished automatically and it is self-assembled.  For instance, growth processes such as meiosis and mitosis are complex to the extreme but automatic and self-orchestrated. It matters not if it is bacteria growth, virus growth, plant growth, or mammal growth; it is all automatic and self-assembled. Consider human growth: it self-assembles starting with a single cell. then, it grows to a fully viable human with trillions of cells in just 9 months. It must be pointed out that there are no exceptions to biological growth due to automatic self-assembly. It happens all the time everywhere to every species.

DNA

DNA is a code that defines our species and traits. However, it cannot build anything; it is a code, a blueprint for life. Codes and blueprints can’t build anything. For instance, to build a house, it takes more than a blueprint; it takes a contractor, carpenters, plumbers, bricklayers, dry-wallers, and electricians to put it all together. DNA isonly the blueprint. There are 9 million (number of species) unique codes for the various kinds/species, and each species self-assembles. How? We don’t know, but we see it happen trillions of times each day. How did this hummingbird (on the right) self-assemble at each stage of its life: egg, hatchling, fledgling, and mature bird?  What told the cells where to go and what to do?

Additionally, one of the most extraordinary examples of self-assembly is the butterfly. The butterfly starts as an egg, self-assembles into a worm. The worm hatches and has worm body, a worm diet, and a worm metabolism. Then, it becomes a chrysalis which deconstructs the worm and self-assembles a butterfly. The butterfly has a butterfly body, wings, a flight control system, a butterfly diet, and a butterfly metabolism. Moreover, the butterfly is like a new creature, nothing like a worm. It is fascinating to watch, and it only takes days. There are no exceptions; all biological growth is automatic and self-assembled.

Scientific Laws

Even though we do not understand how automatic self-assembly works, we do know it does work, and it works very well. It is not necessary to understand something before forming a scientific law. For instance, the laws of gravity entropy are accepted by all, but the mechanisms are not understood. Is gravity a particle, or is it curved space? Why does entropy go only in one direction? We do not know. However, we know that gravity is predictable anywhere on the earth, the moon, or anywhere in the universe. We understand the effects of gravity but not the mechanism. And we know that entropy always increases. So it is with biological growth. It is always automatic and self-constructed without exception. Therefore, we propose it as a law.

Complexity

The example above of the house construction is good, but let’s go into a few additional details. In contrast, biological growth is much more complex. Consider the developing baby, its electrical grid is built and wired to live, move, think, and sense. Then there are the vital organs that automatically appear that allow the baby to eat various foods, metabolize them, and discharge the waste. Also, the baby automatically constructs a plumbing system capable of supplying blood to each of the trillions of cells. In addition, stem cells know how to assemble a mechanism that can work in unison with millions of bacteria and produce an immune system. The most difficult of all is that the baby automatically assembles something allowing it to become conscious. And remember, it is all quick and automatic. Besides, it happens without exception.

The evolutionary view of automatic self-assembly

The evolutionary view of automatic self-assembly is that it came out of chaos, a state of no information, order, intelligence, or purpose. And it came early in the evolutionary process, very early in the process. It had to be in the first lifeform.

Biblical view of automatic self-assembly

In the beginning, God formed all creatures according to their kind. He built a reproductive mechanism in all creatures. This reproduction mechanism was automatic and divinely created. We have the details in the account of Adam and Eve. God formed Adam from the earth and made Adam a living soul. Then He took Adam’s rib and formed Eve. Together, Adam and Eve had a reproductive system capable of giving birth to Cain, Abel, Seth, and others. Moreover, God formed and assembled Adam and Eve but not their offspring. Everyone after Eve, including those alive today, was automatically self-assembled.

The present writer has concluded that automatic self-assembly is one more nail in the coffin of evolution, and the Biblical narrative is the only explanation that makes sense. How could such a complicated system as automatic self-assembly evolve in the first generation without intelligence?

Summary

Biological growth is happening everywhere, and it is always automatic and self-assembled. Consequently, we don’t think about it or question it. Also, it appears that scientists have ignored it. Now it is time to accept it as a law of biology and investigate how it works and from where it came. The present writer is a creationist and believes that God implemented it but is curious how He did it.

Additional Suggested reading:

How to Build and Rebuild the Human Heart

Adam’s Rib

Eve’s DNA  

Jesus’ DNA 

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Finding Ham, Shem, and Japheth via the Y-Chromosome

Answers to Questions, Bible/Science, DNA, Migration

 

Introduction

At Genesis and Genetics, we have examined Y-chromosome genomes searching for Noah and his three sons, Ham, Japheth, and Shem. They were easy to find.  According to our analysis, if you have the rs17306671 Y-chromosome mutation nucleotide A you are from Shem. If you have the rs9786139 Y-chromosome mutation nucleotide A you are from Ham. If you have the rs3900 Y-chromosome mutation nucleotide G you are from Japheth. If you are a woman, you will have to check your father’s y-chromosome. Women don’t have the y-chromosome.

Background

Here is a bit of background: Y-chromosome DNA is exclusively found in males; it is inherited from one’s father. The Y-chromosome has approximately 60 million base pairs, each of which is subject to mutations. Mutations develop in the Y-chromosome, typically at the rate of 2 mutations per generation. This is based on a mutation rate of 1.0*10^-9 mutations /nucleotide/year (Reference 1) and 30 years per generation. These mutations allow us to track ancestry. If one man populated all the earth, all males would have his Y-chromosome, and if this man had two sons, one would expect that roughly half of the world would have one son’s mutations and the other half would have the other son’s mutations. Furthermore, if our original ancestor had 10 grandsons, one would expect that each grandson would have mutations that would each exist in approximately 10 percent of the male population. Successive generations would continue to generate new mutations that would form a human family tree, known as a phylogenetic tree to geneticists.

Easy to follow logic

The following presents the easy-to-follow logic and analysis which anyone can repeat. Our findings are consistent with the Bible and modern science raw data.

In our research, we used the above principles in tracking our most ancient ancestors. We made no assumptions and shelved our preconceived ideas. We wanted to see where the data led us. Appendix A shows the precise method we used to extract the data. Our strategy was simple; we gathered the Y-chromosome mutations, which are seen in more than 5 percent of human males, and entered them into a spreadsheet. We looked for patterns and color-coded the resulting groups. Please consider doing one Y-chromosome example yourself using Appendix A as a guide, or if you have your Y-chromosome data, you can trace it back to your most ancient ancestor/ancestors. You will see the ancient ancestor to whom you are related.

Sources

The data used in this research came from the 1000 genomes project (Reference 2) and retrieved using the Ensembl browser (Reference 3). The data appeared to be correct with no errors. No data was eliminated due to suspect errors, and no data was “cherry-picked” to suit any preconceived ideas. Our thanks to the great effort of those who did the sequencing and publishing of the raw data. We also greatly appreciate that it was made available to the public.

We started by taking 57 Y-genomes of diverse people (Americas, East Asia, Europe, South Asia, and Africa). Next, we gathered mutations that were in at least 5 percent of the world’s male population. The technical term for this is those with a Mean Allele Frequency (MAF) greater than or equal to 0.05 (5 percent). These mutations are the most interesting; any smaller MAF mutation is a subset of those greater than 5%.

Results

The spreadsheet below provides 57 rows (individual male humans) and 30 columns (mutations over 5 percent of the population). Each column element of the matrix was color-coded to show us whether the individual had the mutation or not. We noticed patterns beginning to form (you can CLICK HERE to see the EXCEL copy.)

Next, we switched columns and rows to form groups. The groups were obvious. We also took each group and moved the columns so that the columns for each group with the largest MAF were on the left. Now we can see a clear pattern in the figure below. We see that each individual fits into just one group and had no mutations in any other group. Also, we see that every individual in the group has the mutation with the greatest MAF; this is the mutation of the most ancient ancestor of that group. Here is what the spreadsheet looks like after grouping: Note: you can CLICK HERE to see the matrix in EXCEL.

Looking at the matrix above, we see that each group has one maximum MAF. The yellow is .38, the red is 52, and the green is .10. They add up to 100 percent.

Consistent with the Bible

Now that we have shown that our most ancient ancestor had three sons, we can state that this finding is consistent with the Bible. The three groups are consistent with the three sons of Noah: Ham, Shem, and Japheth. The Bible states that, generally, those from Ham went south to Africa and southern Asia, those from Japheth went north to northern Europe and northern Asia, and those from Shem stayed in the Caucuses, the Near East, and North Africa. Therefore, one could easily conclude that Ham is the yellow group, Shem is the green group, and Japheth is the red group. Note: Noah’s Y-chromosome is also known since it would be that of the three sons with all mutations removed.

Bible in Genesis 10, the Table of Nations, states that all humanity came from these three sons:

Genesis 10:1  Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth: and unto them were sons born after the flood.

Genesis 10:32  These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations, in their nations: and by these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood.

Analysis

This means that roughly 1/3 of the earth’s male population came from each son, but, since Japheth had 7 sons, Ham had 4 sons, and Shem had 5 sons; therefore, the worldwide distribution should be closer to the following:

Patriarch   Number of sons    % Projected World Population        Observation

Japheth        7 sons                                              43.75                                         52

Ham                4 sons                                              25                                                38

Shem              5 sons                                              31.25                                         10

 

The chart above shows that both the Ham and Japheth results were higher than expected, and Shem was lower than expected. However, this can be explained in at least two ways:

(1) The Ham and Japheth offspring are in the world’s heavily populated areas, namely South and East Asia.

(2) The Thousand Genomes Project did not provide representatives of the Near East, the Mid-East, or Northern Africa, all of which would increase the Shem percentage, thereby decreasing Ham and Japheth’s percentages.

The above two issues are not meant as criticism but offered as an explanation.

Bible, secular history, and genetic diversity

Our findings are consistent with the Bible, secular ancient history, and genetic diversity:

  1. The Bible documents Noah and his family to be the only ones spared from the deluge which flooded the entire earth, and the earth was repopulated through Noah’s three sons.
  2. The historical period began when the Sumerians began writing cuneiform tablets. These early writings documented the kings before and after the flood. Also, the Sumerian legends are consistent with the world being populated by the three sons on the Ark.
  3. According to the Bible and Sumerian history, all humanity came from one family. As they migrated throughout the world, the genetic diversity would be lost from those who separated from the core population; therefore, the most genetic diversity should be where Noah’s family settled, the Near East. Those who migrated to the Americas, Australia, and southern Africa lost some genetic diversity. We can consider two levels of observing genetic diversity, first, what we see and, second, what DNA tells us. We can easily see eye color, skin color, and hair color. Looking at a globe, it is apparent that those with the most visual diversity meet in the Near East, the place of disembarkation from Noah’s Ark. From a DNA standpoint, one can look at the diversity of haplogroups, both Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial. The extremities are South Africa, Australia, and the Americas, which have only a few haplogroups. The location with the most haplogroups is, again, in the Near East.

Summary

(1) From a Y-chromosome perspective, it appears that all humanity came from three male humans.

(2) Item (1) is not proof of the Biblical narrative concerning Noah’s three sons, but it is consistent with it. To prove it, one would have to sequence every human male ever born and analyze his genome. If anyone can trace an individual human Y Chromosome back to some basal mutation other than the three given, please let us know and comment below.

(3) We can now project Noah’s DNA; it is that of his three sons with no mutations.

(4) Our findings are consistent with the Bible, Sumerian history, and our current state of human diversity.

Future analysis It is now possible to know the Y-chromosome DNA of each of Noah’s grandchildren. This is in our job jar.

References:

1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748900/#:~:text=The%20chromosomes%20were%20separated%20by,7.0%20%C3%97%2010%E2%88%928).

2 https://www.internationalgenome.org/

3 https://useast.ensembl.org/index.html

Appendix A

If you would like to repeat this analysis or add to it, the following is the step-by-step procedure we used.

Let’s start by taking someone from, perhaps, Peru and find out to which group he belongs. Did he come from Shem, Ham, or Japheth?

(1) We open Ensembl (https://useast.ensembl.org/index.html ). Leave everything default and enter rs9786139 in the upper right-hand box—hit enter.

(2) You should get a new window with the following “rs9786139 (Human Variant).” Click on it. Notice that the MAF is .38.

(3) Click on the ICON that says, “population genetics.” Scroll down to find “AMR” and the subgroup “PEL.” Click on the “PEL.” You can see that 95 percent of this group has a “G,” and 5 percent of the population have an “A.” Next, go to the far right of the “PEL” row and click on “show.” Each of the rows of this screen is an actual human being. You will notice that most of this group has a “G,” but a few have an “A.”

(4) Looking at the population genetics of those from PEL, Peru, you can see that a few Peruvians are from Ham, but most are from someone else. You can find out who by entering the defining mutations for Shem and Japheth. If you enter all the mutations and analyze the same Peruvian, you will see all his mutations are in one group or another. If you look at rs3900, you will see that most Peruvians are from Japheth.

(5) continue entering the mutations one by one, and you will see that our Peruvian is only from one group and has no mutations from any other group. If you do a significant number of individuals, please sent them to us.

 

Fertile Crescent, Nimrod, and Confusion of Language – Human Migration Part 2

Migration, Uncategorized

Overview

At Genesis and Genetics, we take secular science findings and use them to defend the Bible. In the case of the fertile crescent archaeology, we have found much information concerning human migration, Nimrod, and the confusion of tongues. We found the following:
* The oldest vineyards in the world are in ancient Armenia, as documented in our former blog Noah’s wine country.

* As Noah’s offspring spread out, they settled in the fertile crescent. This was before the migration into the “Land of Shinar.” The reason for this is that the Land of ShinarEarly migration (Lower Mesopotamia) was underwater. Presently, much of Lower Mesopotamia is less than 60 feet above sea level. For instance, presently the elevation of Babylon is 7 feet, Ur is 59 feet, Uruk is 52 feet, and Eridu is 23 feet.

* A portion of the fertile crescent is to the East of the Land of Shinar in the foothills of the Zagros Mountains. According to the Bible, those who settled in the Land of Shinar “came from the East.” This means that only a portion of Noah’s offspring settled in the Land of Shinar. The Bible says that those who settled in the Land of Shinar wanted to “make a name for themselves.” If they were the only civilization on the earth, they wouldn’t have to make a name for themselves.

* Shortly after the arrival in the Land of Shinar (Sumer), a sophisticated society began, and an Empire arose from the city of Uruk (Biblical Erech). This empire spread out into the fertile crescent.  The secular archaeologists refer to it as the Uruk Expansion. The Emperor/ruler/king was a man called Enmerkar. He is a prime candidate, and our pick, for the Biblical Nimrod.

* Enmerkar enjoyed great success until the language was confused. There are many historical references to the confusion of language, and in the “legend of Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta,” Enmerkar is blamed for the confusion of tongues.

* Enmerkar (Nimrod) lost his empire due to the confusion of tongues. He lost his ability to communicate with his outposts, trade partners, and clans in the empire.

* Enmerkar was credited for being the first to use written language. Written language arose quickly after the Uruk Empire collapsed. Possibly, Enmerkar attempted to restore his empire by introducing writing and using it and scribes to renew the empire. But it didn’t work. Shortly after the collapse of the Uruk empire, the dynastic period began. Each language group had a king. The confusion of tongues accomplished God’s purpose in that the people were divided.

* Enmerkar (Nimrod) was shamed and fell into obscurity.

Details

Noah and his family disembarked in ancient Armenia. Modern archeology tells us that the most ancient vineyards are in ancient Armenia. This is also the point of origin of most domestic grapes. So, all humanity and domestic grapes migrated from ancient Armenia (Noah’s Wine Country), consistent with the Bible.

As Noah’s children multiplied, they sought new lands and adventure. Some migrated North and East to Asia, and some migrated South to the fertile crescent, including Egypt. At this time, the waters were still receding from the flood, and lower Mesopotamia (the Land of Shinar) was still underwater. As the waters receded, those in the fertile crescent East of the Land of Shinar moved into the rich alluvial plain, which became Sumer and Akkad. Here is some Biblical proof that only a portion of Noah’s offspring migrated to the Land of Shinar:

Genesis 11:4  And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.

They wanted to do two things, first, make a name for themselves, and two, they wanted to disobey the command of God to scatter, i.e., migrate. If they continued with their goals, God would lose the hope of having a people unto Himself; a one-world government would be risky in that there would be a loss of freedom of choice. God decided to stop the Enmerkar empire and did the following:

Genesis 11:6 And the LORD said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do. 

Genesis 11:7 Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech.

Genesis 11:8 So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city.

The entire population of the world spoke one language and were of one mind. In the land of Sumer, there arose a mighty person who built the city of Uruk (Biblical Erech) and formed an empire. Because the people were of one mind, he had little trouble forming this empire without bloodshed. It was a sophisticated society with farming, the wheel, chariots, government, toilets, septic tanks, geometry, the “Roman” arch, irrigation, think tanks, and beer. The Empire planted outposts near trading partners, and everything was booming. Here are the scriptures about Nimrod:

Genesis 10:8 And Cush begat Nimrod: he began to be a mighty one in the earth.

Genesis 10:9 He was a mighty hunter before the LORD: wherefore it is said, Even as Nimrod the mighty hunter before the LORD.

Genesis 10:10 And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar.

Genesis 10:11 Out of that land went forth Asshur, and builded Nineveh, and the city Rehoboth, and Calah,

Genesis 10:12 And Resen between Nineveh and Calah: the same is a great city.

These scriptures vividly point to the making of an empire with Nimrod as the emperor. Everything fits with the Bible except the carbon 14 dates. However, the secular carbon dates assume there was no flood. If the dates are corrected for flood effects, it all comes together. Here is our date assessment using the Flood Effects on Radio-Carbon Dating corrected dates.

Event                                               Corrected dates                                    Secular dates

The flood                                          2348 BC (Bible)                                   Didn’t happen

Oldest vineyard                              2150 BC                                                  6100 BC

Death of Noah                                 1998 BC                                                  He didn’t exist

Uruk Expansion Start                    1996 BC                                                  3700 BC

Confusion of Tongues                   1908 BC                                                  3000 BC

Jemdat Nassr period                      1930 BC -1892 BC                              3150 BC – 2900 BC
(transition period
Between the Uruk empire
and the dynastic era)

First writing                                          1908 BC                                                  3000 BC

Beginning of                                         1892 BC                                                  2900 BC
Dynastic Period
(End of Uruk Empire)

The obvious question is, “where was Noah when all this happened?” Notice in the above dates that the Uruk expansion did not start until Noah died. This makes sense in that Noah must have been considered an important influence on society, and maybe the Uruk expansion, which included the building of the Tower of Babel, could not have happened if Noah were alive.

Conclusion:

When merging the Biblical narrative with secular archaeology, it appears that Noah did, indeed, disembark from his famous Ark in the land of Ararat, i.e., Armenia. He planted a vineyard, which was the beginning of post-flood farming. His offspring migrated from the vineyard in all directions, but many settled in the Fertile Crescent. As the waters abated, those from the Eastern portion of the fertile crescent settled in the Biblical “Land of Shinar” (Mesopotamia). From the Land of Shinar, there arose a powerful man, Nimrod/Enmerkar, who built the city of Uruk (Erech) and from that city arose the Uruk/Erech empire. The empire spread to much of the ancient world, but the expansion was stopped by the confusion of languages. The emperor attempted to keep the empire intact by using an invention, writing; however, it didn’t work, and the empire collapsed, ushering in the dynastic period. The dynastic period stopped globalization, and the earth was divided by nations and languages as it has remained to this day.

References:

1. The Bible

2. Noah’s Wine Country

3. Radio Carbon Date Calculator

4. The Uruk World System The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization, by Algaze Guillermo

How to Build and Rebuild the Human Heart By Automatic Self-Assembly

Bible/Science, DNA

More people die from heart disease in the USA than any other illness. However, researchers are saying that they have hopes of rebuilding defective human hearts.

The Texas Heart Institute in Houston is conducting some fascinating research. The end goal is to develop a method of rebuilding defective human hearts and supplying them to those in need of heart transplants. The researchers obtained a defective human heart and removed all the cells except what is called the extracellular matrix, the outer framework. Therefore, all the veins, arteries, valves, and the electrical grid were removed. It looked like a heart but was nonfunctional. Then, they poured stem cells into the voided heart membrane. The stem cells transformed into the various cells needed to rebuild the heart, and each cell went to its proper place. All cells were working in unison to form the required heart components. The heart looked to be complete and viable. Next, the researchers filled the veins and arteries with fluid, and, to everyone’s amazement, the heart STARTED BEATING AND PUMPING! WOW! The heart automatically rebuilt itself from stem cells!

The research, as mentioned above, is terrific news for those needing heart transplants and good news for those, like the present writer, who are investigating epigenetics and origin of life. The fact that the stem cells can transform and somehow assemble heart components makes one wonder: What mechanism and what intelligence makes this possible. It appears to be automatic self-assembly, but automatic self-assembly defies all logic and scientific principles.

The Texas Heart institute research and findings are well documented in the following: PBS Transplanting Hope or Youtube Transplanting Hope

A few years ago, I bought a crib. The packaged kit had all the parts and instructions. It also had a good picture of the finished crib. There were probably 30 pieces, including the fasteners. It took one evening to assemble it, and when done, it was apparent that I had reversed the back and front. Wouldn’t it have been nice if the crib parts would have had the intelligence to self-assemble? Imagine the difficulty in assembling the human body with 37 trillion cells, each cell containing trillions of pieces. Biological automatic self-assembly is indeed a task of Biblical proportions and requires divine intelligence.

Think about how a heart develops in a baby. At conception, the ovum joins with the sperm and becomes a complete DNA package known as an egg. The egg is a single cell, a master stem cell, and it divides over and over until it becomes a mass of stem cells. The photo on the right shows a few stem cells on a pinpoint. This is what you looked like shortly after conception. These stem cells have a built-in mechanism designed for automatic self-assembly. Fourteen days after conception, the heart begins to form. Each stem cell assigned to the heart transforms itself into a heart cell. Then, the automatic self-assembly of the heart starts and takes three days to complete. Next, the fully functional heart begins to beat and pump blood. We must not forget that timing is critical; when the heart starts beating, it must have blood to pump and have a place to pump it. It appears that automatic self-assembly is responsible for both building and rebuilding the human heart.

The researchers at the Texas Heart Institute concluded that the stem cells take their cues from the extracellular matrix. It seems to be the only possibility. But how does it work? The stem cells have no arms, legs, fingers, or brains! When confused, we can look to the Bible:

John 1:1  In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 

John 1:2  The same was in the beginning with God. 

John 1:3  All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made. (KJV)

The Bible states that the Word of God created all things, which would include an automatic-self-assembly mechanism. God’s Word permeates all things throughout the universe. In short, the Creator’s intelligence is embodied in everything: every star, every atom, every molecule, every cell, every photon, and every heart; it is omnipresent. God’s Word is not only omnipresent, but it is also omniscient. It tells the stem cell what to become, where to go, and how to self-assemble. Additionally, God’s Word is omnipotent and provides the energy and labor to accomplish that which He wants to accomplish, including automatic biological self-assembly. The details of this divine mechanism are yet to be understood, but other explanations are absent.

God’s Word is embedded in the extracellular heart matrix and everything else in the creation. His Word is everywhere and accomplishes that which He wills: Here, we see the Lord speaking through His prophet, Isaiah:

Isaiah 55:11  So shall my word be that goeth forth out of my mouth: it shall not return unto me void, but it shall accomplish that which I please, and it shall prosper in the thing whereto I sent it. 

Automatic self-assembly is not unique to human hearts; it is the method whereby all life grows and matures: every human, every mammal, every reptile, every bird, every plant, every bacterium, every fungus, and every insect. Automatic self-assembly happens routinely everyday trillions of times. David wrote a psalm showing he understood:

Psalm 139:14  I will praise thee; for I am fearfully and wonderfully made: marvellous are thy works; and that my soul knoweth right well.

Note: The scientific term for automatic self-assembly of the heart or any organ is “organogenesis,” and the general term for automatic biological self-assembly is morphogenetics. They are both poorly understood by the scientific community. Furthermore, it poses a problem for those who embrace evolutionary theory in that automatic self-assembly would have to be in place before the first cell divided.

Why Can’t Dogs and Other Animals Talk?

Answers to Questions, Bible/Science, DNA

When we first received this question, it seemed a bit silly, but after pondering it, it became quite intriguing. Why can’t dogs and other creatures speak? Wouldn’t it enhance our sojourn here on earth if they could?

By many, dogs are considered “man’s best friend.” There are nearly 90 million dogs in the United States. Dogs have some very distasteful habits; they are expensive to buy, feed, and keep, but we love them. Dogs are not judgmental and treat us as though we are important, no matter our social standing, net worth, jail record, or bad habits. Wouldn’t it enhance our relationship with dogs if we could converse with them? And how about bluebirds, rattlesnakes, dolphins, or elephants? They all see life through a different lens. Wouldn’t it broaden our knowledge to know their thoughts and life experiences?

Dogs have all the necessary DNA to build human-like larynxes, and dogs are sufficiently intelligent to converse with us. But, yet, they cannot. Why not?

The Bible gives us an excellent reason why animals should not dialogue with us. In the beginning, there was an animal called the “serpent,” which talked with Eve. The conversation did not go well. And, as a result, sin entered the world, cursing it and us. Whoa! Too bad the serpent could speak. Imagine if we could talk with wolves, mosquitoes, spiders, grizzly bears, and killer whales. What kind of sin would we learn from them?

There is one more Biblical account of an animal talking with a human. It is the account of Balaam and his donkey (Numbers 22:21-39). Balaam did wrong in the eyes of God, so God sent an angel to kill Balaam, but when Balaam’s donkey saw the angel with a drawn sword, the donkey turned aside to avoid the angel. Since Balaam did not see the angel, Balaam interpreted his donkey’s reaction as disobedience and beat him. This was repeated a second and third time. After the third beating, the Lord “opened the donkey’s mouth,” and the donkey gave Balaam a reproach. The Bible gives us a direct quote from the donkey’s mouth in the book of Numbers:

Numbers 22:28 Then the LORD opened the mouth of the donkey, and she said to Balaam, “What have I done to you, that you have struck me these three times?”
Numbers 22:29 And Balaam said to the donkey, “Because you have made a fool of me. I wish I had a sword in my hand, for then I would kill you.”
Numbers 22:30 And the donkey said to Balaam, “Am I not your donkey, on which you have ridden all your life long to this day? Is it my habit to treat you this way?” And he said, “No.”
Numbers 22:31 Then the LORD opened the eyes of Balaam, and he saw the angel of the LORD standing in the way, with his drawn sword in his hand. And he bowed down and fell on his face.
Numbers 22:32 And the angel of the LORD said to him, “Why have you struck your donkey these three times? Behold, I have come out to oppose you because your way is perverse before me.
Numbers 22:33 The donkey saw me and turned aside before me these three times. If she had not turned aside from me, surely just now I would have killed you and let her live.”
Numbers 22:34 Then Balaam said to the angel of the LORD, “I have sinned, for I did not know that you stood in the road against me. Now, therefore, if it is evil in your sight, I will turn back.”
Numbers 22:35 And the angel of the LORD said to Balaam, “Go with the men, but speak only the word that I tell you.” So Balaam went on with the princes of Balak. (Bible – ESV)

So, the donkey did well; he is the hero of this account. Think about this: the donkey saved Balaam’s life and changed God’s purpose. God intended to kill Balaam, but the donkey prevented it. Here is one example of possible benefits from conversing with animals. But, in general, God prevents direct conversation with animals. Why?

A donkey has a brain one third the size of a human. An elephant has a brain more than four times larger than we humans, and the whale brain is bigger yet. Imagine what would happen if animals could routinely converse with us; things would change. It could ruin our having dominion over the animals, and we humans would no longer be special. Maybe the elephants and the whales would seize intellectual prowess. Perhaps humanity would be bombarded with too much information, much of which could be misinformation.

Also, the donkey had a visual connection to the spiritual world. The donkey could see the angel, whereas Balaam and his two servants could not. Do all animals have this ability? Maybe. If so, this is another potential problem. God wants us to connect with the spiritual world through Him. He does not want us to contact the spiritual world through mediums, fortune tellers, serpents, donkeys, or chickadees. God has given us the Holy Spirit to be our connection with the spiritual world, and any other source could mislead us.

Returning to dogs, consider having a hard day at your job, coming home, and looking forward to having a peaceful evening. Your spouse tells you the children are doing poorly in school, the dishwasher broke, and there were huge bills in the mail. You just want some peace and quiet, So, you go and sit in the back yard with your dog, Fido. Then Fido starts to complain about his day: tormented by the neighbor’s cat, not liking his food, wanting to go for more walks, upset that you took away his dead squirrel he rolls in, and wanting to visit his girlfriend on the next block. Would this conversation enhance your lifestyle? What if the bluebird wanted a better feeder? What if the snake reasoned that he wanted to spend the winter in your basement? How would you like to work in a meatpacking plant if the steers could talk? Etc. Etc. I am convinced that the optimum relationship with animals is the status quo.

In summary, there may be some advantages to talking with animals, but the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. If dogs and other animals could talk, I suggest that there could be several problems:

1. Our relationship with the animals would deteriorate.

2. We humans would have added outlets and temptations to sin.

3. God has decreed that we are created in His image and have dominance over all other creatures. The inability to talk with animals assures our dominance.

4. It would give us a channel to the spiritual world that could be detrimental. God has put us here to be isolated from a direct channel to the spiritual world. He wants us to live by faith and get our direction and teaching from the Bible as revealed by His Holy Spirit, not a dog, donkey, or chickadee.dog in car

Things are the way they are because the divine creation is perfectly suited for our nature and nurture.